Bengal came once more under the control of Delhi as the Mughals conquered it in 1576. At that time Dhaka became a Mughal provincial capital. But it remained remote and thus a difficult to govern the region especially the section east of the Brahmaputra River remained outside the mainstream of Mughal politics. The Bengali ethnic and linguistic identity further crystallized during this period, since the whole of Bengal was united under an able and long-lasting administration. Furthermore its inhabitants were given sufficient autonomy to cultivate their own customs and literature.
In 1612, during Emperor Jahangir's reign, the defeat of Sylhet completed the Mughal conquest of Bengal with the exception of Chittagong. At this time Dhaka rose in prominence by becoming the provincial capital of Bengal. Chittagong was later annexed in order to stifle Arakanese raids from the east. A well-known Dhaka landmark, Lalbagh Fort, was built during Aurangzeb's sovereignty.
History repeated itself as the frontier Bengal province broke off from a Delhi-based empire around the time Aurangzeb's death in 1707. Murshid Quli Khan ended Dhaka's century of grandeur as he shifted the capital to Murshidabad ushering in a series of independent Bengal Nawabs. Nawab Alivardi Khan showed military skill during his wars with the Marathas. He completely routed the Marathas from Bengal. He crushed an uprising of the Afghans in Bihar and made the British pay 150,000 Tk for blocking Mughal and Armenian trade ships.
সোমবার, নভেম্বর ১৫, ২০১০
2. Europeans in Bengal,History of Bangladesh
Portuguese traders and missionaries were the first Europeans to reach Bengal in the latter part of the 15th century. They were followed by representatives from the Netherlands, France, and the British East India Company. The Mughal Subahdar of Bengal Kasim Khan Mashadi completely destroyed the Portuguese forces in the Battle of Hoogly (1632). About 10,000 Portuguese men and women died in the battle and 4,400 were sent captive to Delhi.
During Aurangzeb's reign, the local Nawab sold three villages, including one then known as Calcutta, to the British. Calcutta was Britain's first foothold in Bengal and remained a focal point of their economic activity. The British gradually extended their commercial contacts and administrative control beyond Calcutta to the rest of Bengal. Job Charnock was one of the first dreamers of a British empire in Bengal. He waged war against the Mughal authority of Bengal which led to the Anglo-Mughal war for Bengal (1686–1690). Shaista Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, defeated the British in the battles of Hoogly as well as Baleshwar and expelled the British from Bengal. Captain William Heath with a naval fleet moved towards Chittagong but it was a failure and he had to retreat to Madras.
During Aurangzeb's reign, the local Nawab sold three villages, including one then known as Calcutta, to the British. Calcutta was Britain's first foothold in Bengal and remained a focal point of their economic activity. The British gradually extended their commercial contacts and administrative control beyond Calcutta to the rest of Bengal. Job Charnock was one of the first dreamers of a British empire in Bengal. He waged war against the Mughal authority of Bengal which led to the Anglo-Mughal war for Bengal (1686–1690). Shaista Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, defeated the British in the battles of Hoogly as well as Baleshwar and expelled the British from Bengal. Captain William Heath with a naval fleet moved towards Chittagong but it was a failure and he had to retreat to Madras.
3. British rule, History of Bangladeshhe
The British East India Company gained official control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. This was the first conquest, in a series of engagements that ultimately lead to the expulsion of other European competitors. The defeat of the Mughals and the consolidation of the subcontinent under the rule of a corporation was a unique event in imperialistic history. Kolkata (Anglicized as "Calcutta") on the Hooghly became a major trading port for bamboo, tea, sugar cane, spices, cotton, muslin and jute produced in Dhaka, Rajshahi, Khulna, and Kushtia.
Scandals and the bloody rebellion known as the Sepoy Mutiny prompted the British government to intervene in the affairs of the East India Company. In 1858, authority in India was transferred from the Company to the crown, and the rebellion was brutally suppressed. Rule of India was organized under a Viceroy and continued a pattern of economic exploitation. Famine racked the subcontinent many times, including at least two major famines in Bengal. The British Raj was politically organized into seventeen provinces of which Bengal was one of the most significant. For a brief period in the early 20th century, an abortive attempt was made to divide Bengal into two zones, West Bengal and East Bengal & Assam
Scandals and the bloody rebellion known as the Sepoy Mutiny prompted the British government to intervene in the affairs of the East India Company. In 1858, authority in India was transferred from the Company to the crown, and the rebellion was brutally suppressed. Rule of India was organized under a Viceroy and continued a pattern of economic exploitation. Famine racked the subcontinent many times, including at least two major famines in Bengal. The British Raj was politically organized into seventeen provinces of which Bengal was one of the most significant. For a brief period in the early 20th century, an abortive attempt was made to divide Bengal into two zones, West Bengal and East Bengal & Assam
4. Creation of Pakistan, History of Bangladesh
As the independence movement throughout British-controlled India began in the late 19th century gained momentum during the 20th century, Bengali politicians played an active role in Mohandas Gandhi's Congress Party and Mohammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League, exposing the opposing forces of ethnic and religious nationalism. By exploiting the latter, the British probably intended to distract the independence movement, for example by partitioning Bengal in 1905 along religious lines. The split only lasted for seven years.
At first the Muslim League sought only to ensure minority rights in the future nation. In 1940 the Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution which envisaged one or more Muslim majority states in South Asia. Non-negotiable was the inclusion of the Muslim parts of Punjab and Bengal in these proposed states. The stakes grew as a new Viceroy Lord Mountbatten of Burma was appointed expressly for the purpose of effecting a graceful British exit. Communal violence in Noakhali and Calcutta sparked a surge in support for the Muslim League, which won a majority of Bengal's Muslim seats in the 1946 election. Accusations have been made that Hindu and Muslim nationalist instigators were involved in the latter incident. At the last moment Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Sarat Chandra Bose came up with the idea of an independent and unified Bengal state, which was endorsed by Jinnah. This idea was vetoed by the Indian National Congress.
British India was partitioned and the independent states of India and Pakistan were created in 1947; the region of Bengal was divided along religious lines. The predominantly Muslim eastern half of Bengal became the East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan) state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu western part became the Indian state of West Bengal.
Pakistan's history from 1947 to 1971 was marked by political instability and economic difficulties. In 1956 a constitution was at last adopted, making the country an "Islamic republic within the Commonwealth". The nascent democratic institutions foundered in the face of military intervention in 1958, and the government imposed martial law between 1958 and 1962, and again between 1969 and 1971.
Almost from the advent of independent Pakistan in 1947, frictions developed between East and West Pakistan, which were separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory. East Pakistanis felt exploited by the West Pakistan-dominated central government. Linguistic, cultural, and ethnic differences also contributed to the estrangement of East from West Pakistan.
When Mohammad Ali Jinnah died in September 1948, Khwaja Nazimuddin became the Governor General of Pakistan while Nurul Amin was appointed the Chief Minister of East Bengal. Nurul Amin continued as the Chief Minister of East Bengal until 2 April 1954. The abolition of the Zamindari system in East Bengal (1950) and the Language Movement were two most important events during his tenure.
At first the Muslim League sought only to ensure minority rights in the future nation. In 1940 the Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution which envisaged one or more Muslim majority states in South Asia. Non-negotiable was the inclusion of the Muslim parts of Punjab and Bengal in these proposed states. The stakes grew as a new Viceroy Lord Mountbatten of Burma was appointed expressly for the purpose of effecting a graceful British exit. Communal violence in Noakhali and Calcutta sparked a surge in support for the Muslim League, which won a majority of Bengal's Muslim seats in the 1946 election. Accusations have been made that Hindu and Muslim nationalist instigators were involved in the latter incident. At the last moment Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Sarat Chandra Bose came up with the idea of an independent and unified Bengal state, which was endorsed by Jinnah. This idea was vetoed by the Indian National Congress.
British India was partitioned and the independent states of India and Pakistan were created in 1947; the region of Bengal was divided along religious lines. The predominantly Muslim eastern half of Bengal became the East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan) state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu western part became the Indian state of West Bengal.
Pakistan's history from 1947 to 1971 was marked by political instability and economic difficulties. In 1956 a constitution was at last adopted, making the country an "Islamic republic within the Commonwealth". The nascent democratic institutions foundered in the face of military intervention in 1958, and the government imposed martial law between 1958 and 1962, and again between 1969 and 1971.
Almost from the advent of independent Pakistan in 1947, frictions developed between East and West Pakistan, which were separated by more than 1,000 miles of Indian territory. East Pakistanis felt exploited by the West Pakistan-dominated central government. Linguistic, cultural, and ethnic differences also contributed to the estrangement of East from West Pakistan.
When Mohammad Ali Jinnah died in September 1948, Khwaja Nazimuddin became the Governor General of Pakistan while Nurul Amin was appointed the Chief Minister of East Bengal. Nurul Amin continued as the Chief Minister of East Bengal until 2 April 1954. The abolition of the Zamindari system in East Bengal (1950) and the Language Movement were two most important events during his tenure.
05. The Bengali Language Movement-
The Bengali Language Movement, also known as the Language Movement Bhasha Andolon, was a political effort in Bangladesh (then known as East Pakistan), advocating the recognition of the Bengali language as an official language of Pakistan. Such recognition would allow Bengali to be used in government affairs.
When the state of Pakistan was formed in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan (also called East Bengal) and West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the Government of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the Awami Muslim League, later renamed the Awami League. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. In 2000, UNESCO declared 21 February International Mother Language Day for the whole world to celebrate[7], in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world.
The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the 6-point movement and subsequently the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In Bangladesh, 21 February is observed as Language Movement Day, a national holiday. The Shaheed Minar monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims.
When the state of Pakistan was formed in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan (also called East Bengal) and West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. In 1948, the Government of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest led by the Awami Muslim League, later renamed the Awami League. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956. In 2000, UNESCO declared 21 February International Mother Language Day for the whole world to celebrate[7], in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethno-linguistic rights of people around the world.
The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the 6-point movement and subsequently the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In Bangladesh, 21 February is observed as Language Movement Day, a national holiday. The Shaheed Minar monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims.
06. P litics: 1954 - 1970, History of Bangladesh
The first election for East Bengal Provincial Assembly was held between 8 March and 12 March 1954. The Awami Muslim League, Krishak-Sramik Party and Nezam-e-Islam formed the United Front, on the basis of 21-points agenda.
Notable pledges contained in the 21-points were:
There were numerous reasons for the debacle of the Muslim League. Above all, the Muslim League regime angered all sections of the people of Bengal by opposing the demand for recognition of Bangla as one of the state languages and by ordering the massacre of 1952.
The United Front got the opportunity to form the provincial government after winning absolute majority in the 1954 election. Of the 222 United Front seats, the Awami Muslim League had won 142, Krishak-Sramik Party 48, Nezam-i-Islam 19, and Ganatantri Dal 13.
The major leaders of the United Front were Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani of Awami Muslim League and A. K. Fazlul Huq of Krishak-Sramik Party. Suhrawardy and Bhasani did not take part in the election and Fazlul Huq was invited to form the government. But a rift surfaced at the very outset on the question of formation of the cabinet. The unity and solidarity among the component parties of the United Front soon evaporated. Finally, on 15 May, Fazlul Huq arrived at an understanding with the Awami Muslim League and formed a 14-member cabinet with five members from that party.
But this cabinet lasted for only fourteen days. The Muslim League could not concede defeat in the elections in good grace. So, they resorted to conspiracies to dismiss the United Front government. In the third week of May, there were bloody riots between Bengali and non-Bengali workers in different mills and factories of East Bengal. The United Front government was blamed for failing to control the law and order situation in the province.
Fazlul Huq was then quoted in an interview taken by The New York Times correspondent John P Callaghan and published in a distorted form that he wanted the independence of East Bengal. Finally, on 29 May 1954, the United Front government was dismissed by the central government and Governor's rule was imposed in the province, which lasted till 2 June 1955.
Curiously enough within two months of his sacking, Fazlul Huq was appointed the central Home Minister. As Home Minister, Fazlul Huq utilised his influence to bring his party to power in East Bengal. Naturally, the United Front broke up. The Muslim members of the United Front split into two groups. In 1955 the Awami Muslim League adopted the path of secularism and non-communalism, erased the word 'Muslim' from its nomenclature and adopted the name "Awami League".[8]
Great differences began developing between the two wings of Pakistan. While the west had a minority share of Pakistan's total population, it had the largest share of revenue allocation, industrial development, agricultural reforms and civil development projects. Pakistan's military and civil services were dominated by the fair-skinned, Persian-cultured Punjabis and Afghans. Only one regiment in the Pakistani Army was Bengali. And many Bengali Pakistanis could not share the natural enthusiasm for the Kashmir issue, which they felt was leaving East Pakistan more vulnerable and threatened as a result.
Notable pledges contained in the 21-points were:
- making Bengali one of the main state languages
- autonomy for the province
- reforms in education
- independence of the judiciary
- making the legislative assembly effective
There were numerous reasons for the debacle of the Muslim League. Above all, the Muslim League regime angered all sections of the people of Bengal by opposing the demand for recognition of Bangla as one of the state languages and by ordering the massacre of 1952.
The United Front got the opportunity to form the provincial government after winning absolute majority in the 1954 election. Of the 222 United Front seats, the Awami Muslim League had won 142, Krishak-Sramik Party 48, Nezam-i-Islam 19, and Ganatantri Dal 13.
The major leaders of the United Front were Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani of Awami Muslim League and A. K. Fazlul Huq of Krishak-Sramik Party. Suhrawardy and Bhasani did not take part in the election and Fazlul Huq was invited to form the government. But a rift surfaced at the very outset on the question of formation of the cabinet. The unity and solidarity among the component parties of the United Front soon evaporated. Finally, on 15 May, Fazlul Huq arrived at an understanding with the Awami Muslim League and formed a 14-member cabinet with five members from that party.
But this cabinet lasted for only fourteen days. The Muslim League could not concede defeat in the elections in good grace. So, they resorted to conspiracies to dismiss the United Front government. In the third week of May, there were bloody riots between Bengali and non-Bengali workers in different mills and factories of East Bengal. The United Front government was blamed for failing to control the law and order situation in the province.
Fazlul Huq was then quoted in an interview taken by The New York Times correspondent John P Callaghan and published in a distorted form that he wanted the independence of East Bengal. Finally, on 29 May 1954, the United Front government was dismissed by the central government and Governor's rule was imposed in the province, which lasted till 2 June 1955.
Curiously enough within two months of his sacking, Fazlul Huq was appointed the central Home Minister. As Home Minister, Fazlul Huq utilised his influence to bring his party to power in East Bengal. Naturally, the United Front broke up. The Muslim members of the United Front split into two groups. In 1955 the Awami Muslim League adopted the path of secularism and non-communalism, erased the word 'Muslim' from its nomenclature and adopted the name "Awami League".[8]
Great differences began developing between the two wings of Pakistan. While the west had a minority share of Pakistan's total population, it had the largest share of revenue allocation, industrial development, agricultural reforms and civil development projects. Pakistan's military and civil services were dominated by the fair-skinned, Persian-cultured Punjabis and Afghans. Only one regiment in the Pakistani Army was Bengali. And many Bengali Pakistanis could not share the natural enthusiasm for the Kashmir issue, which they felt was leaving East Pakistan more vulnerable and threatened as a result.
7. Independence - History of Bangladesh
After the Awami League won all the East Pakistan seats of the Pakistan's National Assembly in the 1970-71 elections, West Pakistan opened talks with the East on constitutional questions about the division of power between the central government and the provinces, as well as the formation of a national government headed by the Awami League.
On March 2, 1971, a group of students, led by A S M Abdur Rob, student leader & VP of DUCSU (Dhaka University Central Students Union) raised the new (proposed) flag of Bangla under the direction of Swadhin Bangla.
On March 3, 1971, student leader Sahjahan Siraj read the Sadhinotar Ishtehar (Declaration of independence) at Paltan Maidan in front of Bangabandhu Shaikh Mujib along with student and public gathering.
On March 7, there was a historical public gathering in Paltan Maidan to hear the guideline for the revolution and independence from Shaikh Mujib, the frontier leader of movement that time. Although he avoided the direct speech of independence as the talks were still underway, he influenced the mob to prepare for the separation war. The speech is still considered a key moment in the war of liberation, and is remembered for the phrase, "Ebarer Shongram Muktir Shongram, Ebarer Shongram Shadhinotar Shongram...." ("This time, the revolution is for freedom; this time, the revolution is for liberation....").
The talks proved unsuccessful, however, and on March 1, 1971, Pakistani President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the pending National Assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan.
On March 3, 1971, student leader Sahjahan Siraj read the Sadhinotar Ishtehar (Declaration of independence) at Paltan Maidan in front of Bangabandhu Shaikh Mujib along with student and public gathering.
On March 7, there was a historical public gathering in Paltan Maidan to hear the guideline for the revolution and independence from Shaikh Mujib, the frontier leader of movement that time. Although he avoided the direct speech of independence as the talks were still underway, he influenced the mob to prepare for the separation war. The speech is still considered a key moment in the war of liberation, and is remembered for the phrase, "Ebarer Shongram Muktir Shongram, Ebarer Shongram Shadhinotar Shongram...." ("This time, the revolution is for freedom; this time, the revolution is for liberation....").
The talks proved unsuccessful, however, and on March 1, 1971, Pakistani President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the pending National Assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan.
08. Formal Declaration of Independence, History of Bangladesh
After the military crackdown by the Pakistan army began on the night of March 25, 1971 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and the political leaders dispersed, mostly fleeing to neighbouring India where they organized a provisional government afterwards. Before being held up by the Pakistani Army Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gave a hand note of the declaration of the independence of Bangladesh and it was circulated amongst people and transmitted by the then East Pakistan Rifles' wireless transmitter. Bengali Army Major Zia-Ur-Rahman captured Kalurghat Radio Station in Chittagong and read the declaration of independence of Bangladesh. On 27th march Major Zia read the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman,
The crisis in East Pakistan produced new strains in Pakistan's troubled relations with India. The two nations had fought a war in 1965, mainly in the west, but the pressure of millions of refugees escaping into India in autumn of 1971 as well as Pakistani aggression reignited hostilities with Pakistan. Indian sympathies lay with East Pakistan, and on December 3, 1971, India intervened on the side of the Bangladeshis. On December 16, 1971, Pakistani forces surrendered, and the nation of Bangla Desh ("Country of Bengal") was finally established the following day. The new country changed its name to Bangladesh on January 11, 1972 and became a parliamentary democracy under a constitution. Shortly thereafter on March 19 Bangladesh signed a friendship treaty with India
"I, Major Zia-ur-Rahman,on behalf of our great national leader and supreme commandar Sheikh Mujibur Rahman do hereby proclaim the independence of Bangladesh."The Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was formed in Meherpur, (later renamed as Mujibnagar a place adjacent to the Indian border). Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was announced to be the head of the state. Tajuddin Ahmed became the prime minister of the government. There the war plan was sketched with armed forces established named "Muktibahini" (freedom fighters). M. A. G. Osmani was assigned as the Chief of the force. The land sketched into 11 sectors under 11 sector commanders. Along with this sectors on the later part of the war Three special forces were formed namely Z Force, S Force and K Force. These three forces name were derived from the initial letter of the commandar's name. The training and most of the arms and ammunitions were arranged by the Meherpur government which were supported by India. As fighting grew between the Pakistan Army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini, an estimated ten million Bengalis, mainly Hindus, sought refuge in the Indian states of Assam, Tripura and West Bengal.
The crisis in East Pakistan produced new strains in Pakistan's troubled relations with India. The two nations had fought a war in 1965, mainly in the west, but the pressure of millions of refugees escaping into India in autumn of 1971 as well as Pakistani aggression reignited hostilities with Pakistan. Indian sympathies lay with East Pakistan, and on December 3, 1971, India intervened on the side of the Bangladeshis. On December 16, 1971, Pakistani forces surrendered, and the nation of Bangla Desh ("Country of Bengal") was finally established the following day. The new country changed its name to Bangladesh on January 11, 1972 and became a parliamentary democracy under a constitution. Shortly thereafter on March 19 Bangladesh signed a friendship treaty with India
9. History of Bangladesh-Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, 1972-75
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman came to office with immense personal popularity but had difficulty transforming this popular support into the political strength needed to function as head of government. The 1972 constitution adopted as state policy the Awami League (AL) four basic principles of nationalism, secularism, socialism, and democracy.
The first parliamentary elections were held in March 1973, with the Awami League winning a massive majority. The new Bangladesh government focused on relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction of the economy and society. In December 1974, in the face of continuing economic deterioration and mounting civil disorder, Mujib proclaimed a state of emergency, limited the powers of the legislative and judicial branches, banned all the newspaper except four government supported papers, and introduced one-party system baning all the other parties.
Despite some improvement in the economic situation during the first half of 1975, criticism of Mujib grew. In August 1975, Mujib, and most of his family, were assassinated by mid-level army officers. A new government, headed by former Mujib associate Khandakar Moshtaque Ahmed, was formed.
The first parliamentary elections were held in March 1973, with the Awami League winning a massive majority. The new Bangladesh government focused on relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction of the economy and society. In December 1974, in the face of continuing economic deterioration and mounting civil disorder, Mujib proclaimed a state of emergency, limited the powers of the legislative and judicial branches, banned all the newspaper except four government supported papers, and introduced one-party system baning all the other parties.
Despite some improvement in the economic situation during the first half of 1975, criticism of Mujib grew. In August 1975, Mujib, and most of his family, were assassinated by mid-level army officers. A new government, headed by former Mujib associate Khandakar Moshtaque Ahmed, was formed.
10. History of Bangladesh-Ziaur Rahman, 1975-81
Successive military coups resulted in the emergence of Army Chief of Staff Gen. Ziaur Rahman ("Zia") as strongman. In the historic 7 November 1975, "Jatiyo Biplob O Shanghoti Dibosh" the army captured the power freed Major Zia. He pledged the army's support to the civilian government headed by President Chief Justice Sayem. Acting at Zia's behest, Sayem dissolved Parliament, and instituted the Martial Law Administration (MLA).
In November 1976, Zia became Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) and assumed the presidency upon Sayem's forced retirement five months later, promising national elections in 1978.
As President, Zia announced a 19-point program of economic reform and began dismantling the MLA. Zia won a five-year term in June 1978 elections, with 76% of the vote. Democracy and constitutional order were fully restored when the ban on political parties was lifted, new parliamentary elections were held in February 1979. The AL and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), founded by Zia, emerged as the two major parties.
In May 1981, Zia was assassinated in Chittagong by dissident elements of the military. The conspirators were either taken into custody or killed. Vice President Justice Abdus Sattar was sworn in as acting president, and elected president as the BNP's candidate six months later. Sattar followed the policies of his predecessor and retained essentially the same cabinet.
In November 1976, Zia became Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) and assumed the presidency upon Sayem's forced retirement five months later, promising national elections in 1978.
As President, Zia announced a 19-point program of economic reform and began dismantling the MLA. Zia won a five-year term in June 1978 elections, with 76% of the vote. Democracy and constitutional order were fully restored when the ban on political parties was lifted, new parliamentary elections were held in February 1979. The AL and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), founded by Zia, emerged as the two major parties.
In May 1981, Zia was assassinated in Chittagong by dissident elements of the military. The conspirators were either taken into custody or killed. Vice President Justice Abdus Sattar was sworn in as acting president, and elected president as the BNP's candidate six months later. Sattar followed the policies of his predecessor and retained essentially the same cabinet.
11.History of Bangladesh-Hussain Mohammed Ershad, 1982-90
In March 1982 Army Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad suspended the constitution and declared martial law citing pervasive corruption, ineffectual government, and economic mismanagement. The following year, Ershad assumed the presidency, and won overwhelming public support for his regime in a national referendum in March 1985, although turnout was small. Political life was liberalized through 1985 and 1986, and the Jatiya (National) Party was established as Ershad’s vehicle for the transition back to democracy.
Parliamentary elections were held in May 1986, but were boycotted by the BNP, now led by President Zia's widow, Begum Khaleda Zia. The Jatio party won a modest majority of the 300 elected seats in the National Assembly. The participation of the Awami League—led by the late President Mujib's daughter, Sheikh Hasina Wajed—lent the elections some credibility, despite widespread charges of voting irregularities.
Ershad retired from military service in preparation for the presidential elections in October 1986, and won 84% of the vote. Protesting that martial law was still in effect, both the BNP and the AL refused to put up opposing candidates.In November 1986, martial law was lifted, and the opposition parties took their elected seats in the National Assembly.
In July 1987, after the government hastily pushed through a bill to include military representation on local administrative councils, the opposition walked out of Parliament. As the opposition organized protest marches and nationwide strikes, the government arrested scores of opposition activists. After declaring a state of emergency, Ershad dissolved Parliament and scheduled fresh elections for March 1988.
The elections were held despite an opposition boycott, and the ruling Jatiya Party won 251 of the 300 seats. The Parliament passed a large number of bills, including in June 1988 a controversial constitutional amendment making Islam Bangladesh's state religion.
On December 6, 1990, following general strikes, increased campus protests, public rallies, and a general disintegration of law and order,Ershad resigned. On February 27, 1991, an interim government headed by Acting President Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed oversaw what most observers believed to be the nation's most free and fair elections to that date.
Parliamentary elections were held in May 1986, but were boycotted by the BNP, now led by President Zia's widow, Begum Khaleda Zia. The Jatio party won a modest majority of the 300 elected seats in the National Assembly. The participation of the Awami League—led by the late President Mujib's daughter, Sheikh Hasina Wajed—lent the elections some credibility, despite widespread charges of voting irregularities.
Ershad retired from military service in preparation for the presidential elections in October 1986, and won 84% of the vote. Protesting that martial law was still in effect, both the BNP and the AL refused to put up opposing candidates.In November 1986, martial law was lifted, and the opposition parties took their elected seats in the National Assembly.
In July 1987, after the government hastily pushed through a bill to include military representation on local administrative councils, the opposition walked out of Parliament. As the opposition organized protest marches and nationwide strikes, the government arrested scores of opposition activists. After declaring a state of emergency, Ershad dissolved Parliament and scheduled fresh elections for March 1988.
The elections were held despite an opposition boycott, and the ruling Jatiya Party won 251 of the 300 seats. The Parliament passed a large number of bills, including in June 1988 a controversial constitutional amendment making Islam Bangladesh's state religion.
On December 6, 1990, following general strikes, increased campus protests, public rallies, and a general disintegration of law and order,Ershad resigned. On February 27, 1991, an interim government headed by Acting President Chief Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed oversaw what most observers believed to be the nation's most free and fair elections to that date.
12. History of Bangladesh-Khaleda Zia, 1991-96
BNP won a plurality of seats and formed a government with Khaleda Zia, widow of Ziaur Rahman, becoming prime minister. The electorate approved changes to the constitution, formally re-creating a \In March 1994, controversy over a parliamentary by-election, which the opposition claimed the government had rigged, led to general strikes and an indefinite boycott of Parliament by the opposition. In late December 1994, the opposition resigned en masse from Parliament, and pledged to boycott national elections scheduled for February 15, 1996.
In February, Khaleda Zia was re-elected by a landslide in voting boycotted by the three main opposition parties. In March 1996, following escalating political turmoil, the Parliament amended the constitution to allow a neutral caretaker government to assume power and conduct new parliamentary elections.
In February, Khaleda Zia was re-elected by a landslide in voting boycotted by the three main opposition parties. In March 1996, following escalating political turmoil, the Parliament amended the constitution to allow a neutral caretaker government to assume power and conduct new parliamentary elections.
13.History of Bangladesh-Sheikh Hasina, 1996-2001
Elections were held in June 1996 which were found by international and domestic election observers to be free and fair. The Awami League won a plurality of the seats, and formed the government with support from the Jatiya Party of deposed president Ershad. AL leader Sheikh Hasina became Prime Minister.
In June 1999, the BNP and other opposition parties again began to boycott Parliament, and stage nationwide general strikes. A four-party opposition alliance formed at the beginning of 1999 announced that it would boycott parliamentary by-elections and local government.
In June 1999, the BNP and other opposition parties again began to boycott Parliament, and stage nationwide general strikes. A four-party opposition alliance formed at the beginning of 1999 announced that it would boycott parliamentary by-elections and local government.
14. History of Bangladesh-Four Party Aliiance led by BNP, 2001-2006
The four-party alliance led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) won over a two-thirds majority in Parliament. Begum Khaleda Zia was sworn in on October 10, 2001, as Prime Minister for the third time.[9]
An grenade attack on a rally of Sheikh Hasina killed 23 people on August 21, 2004. On August 17, 2005, near-synchronized blasts of improvised explosive devices in 63 out of 64 administrative districts targeted mainly government buildings and killed two persons. An extremist Islamist group named Jama'atul Mujahideen, Bangladesh (JMB) claimed responsibility for the blasts, which aimed to press home JMB's demand for a replacement of the secular legal system with Islamic sharia courts. Hundreds of senior and mid-level JMB leaders were arrested.[9]
In February 2006, after sporadic boycotts, the AL returned to Parliament, demanded early elections and requested significant changes in the electoral and caretaker government systems to stop alleged moves by the ruling coalition to rig the next election. Dialogue between the Secretaries General of the main ruling and opposition parties failed to sort out the electoral reform issues.[9]
In July 2001, the Awami League government stepped down to allow a caretaker government to preside over parliamentary elections. In August, Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina agreed to respect the results of the election, join Parliament win or lose, foreswear the use of hartals (violently enforced strikes) as political tools, and if successful in forming a government allow for a more meaningful role for the opposition in Parliament. The caretaker government was successful in containing the violence, which allowed a parliamentary end
An grenade attack on a rally of Sheikh Hasina killed 23 people on August 21, 2004. On August 17, 2005, near-synchronized blasts of improvised explosive devices in 63 out of 64 administrative districts targeted mainly government buildings and killed two persons. An extremist Islamist group named Jama'atul Mujahideen, Bangladesh (JMB) claimed responsibility for the blasts, which aimed to press home JMB's demand for a replacement of the secular legal system with Islamic sharia courts. Hundreds of senior and mid-level JMB leaders were arrested.[9]
In February 2006, after sporadic boycotts, the AL returned to Parliament, demanded early elections and requested significant changes in the electoral and caretaker government systems to stop alleged moves by the ruling coalition to rig the next election. Dialogue between the Secretaries General of the main ruling and opposition parties failed to sort out the electoral reform issues.[9]
In July 2001, the Awami League government stepped down to allow a caretaker government to preside over parliamentary elections. In August, Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina agreed to respect the results of the election, join Parliament win or lose, foreswear the use of hartals (violently enforced strikes) as political tools, and if successful in forming a government allow for a more meaningful role for the opposition in Parliament. The caretaker government was successful in containing the violence, which allowed a parliamentary end
15. History of Bangladesh-Caretaker Government, Oct 2006-Jan 2009
On January 3, 2007, the Awami League announced it would boycott the January 22 parliamentary elections. The AL planned a series of country-wide general strikes and transportation blockades.[9]
On January 11, 2007, President Iajuddin Ahmed declared a state of emergency, resigned as Chief Adviser, and indefinitely postponed parliamentary elections. On January 12, 2007, former Bangladesh Bank governor Fakhruddin Ahmed was sworn in as the new Chief Adviser, and ten new advisers (ministers) were appointed. Under emergency provisions, the government suspended certain fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution and detained a large number of politicians and others on suspicion of involvement in corruption and other crimes. The government announced elections would occur in late 2008.[9] As of November 19, 2008, elections were scheduled for December 8, 2008.[10]In the summer of 2007 the government arrested Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh's two most influential political leaders, on charges of corruption. Hasina and Zia have challenged the cases filed against them under the Emergency Power Rules, which deny the accused the right to bail. While the cases are under judicial review, the two leaders continue to be imprisoned as of March 2008.[9]
16. History of Bangladesh-Grand Alliance January 2009-present
Grand Alliance January 2009-present
On 19 November 2008 Awami League & Jatiya Party agreed to contest the elections jointly under the Caretaker Government to be held on 29 December 2008. Out of the 300 Constituencies in the Parliament, Ershad's Jatiya Party will contest from 49 seats and Awami League and members of a leftist wing Fourteen Party Coalition from the rest 250 seats.[11] Thus the Grand Alliance emerged in Bangladesh; known as Mohajote in BanglaOn December 29, 2008 Bangladesh went to the polls and the nation elected the Grand Alliance which was led by Sheikh Hasina's Awami League and backed by Hussain Mohammed Ershad's Jatiya Party. On the other hand Khaleda Zia's BNP-led Four Party Alliance plagued by allegations of Khaleda Zia's [12][13] and her infamous son Tareq Rahman's corruption allegations [14][15][16], suffered the most embarrassing defeat ever in Bangladesh's history.
Sheikh Hasina became Prime Minister and formed the government and a cabinet which included ministers from Jatiya Party although any post for Hussain Mohammed Ershad, is yet to be decided as the earlier agreed Presidency seems elusive.
The mutiny of borderguards (BDR) took place from 25 to 27 February 2009. More than a thousand BDR soldiers took over the BDR headquarters, and held many of their officers hostage. By the second day fighting spread to 12 other towns and cities.[17][18] The mutiny ended as the mutineers surrendered their arms and released the hostages[19] after a series of discussions and negotiations with the government.[20] 52 army died in the incident.
শনিবার, নভেম্বর ১৩, ২০১০
Google senior execs getting 30 percent raises
Google gave all of its employees raises earlier this week, but it saved the best raises for its senior management team.
Four of Google's seven named executive officers--Patrick Pichette, Nikesh Arora, Alan Eustace, and Jonathan Rosenberg--are getting 30 percent raises for 2011, bringing each of their base salaries to $650,000 from $500,000, Google announced in a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission late Friday. Earlier in the week, Google gave everybody else a 10 percent raise, along with a $1,000 bonus, as it tries to hang on to employees amid a talent war in Silicon Valley.
Those executives are also getting hefty restricted-stock awards, with Pichette and Arora receiving $20 million, Eustace getting $10 million, and Rosenberg getting $5 million in grants and options. The numbers are interesting, considering that TechCrunch reported this week that a single Google "staff engineer" was given a restricted-stock award of $3.5 million as an incentive to remain with the search company and pass up an offer from Facebook.
The Google ruling triumvirate--CEO Eric Schmidt, and co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page--will continue to accept a salary of $1 and did not take any additional stock rewards. Not that they really need it: together, the three control more than half of Google's outstanding stock, with Brin and Page supplementing their incomes this year by selling off shares in a diversification strategy.
Those executives are also getting hefty restricted-stock awards, with Pichette and Arora receiving $20 million, Eustace getting $10 million, and Rosenberg getting $5 million in grants and options. The numbers are interesting, considering that TechCrunch reported this week that a single Google "staff engineer" was given a restricted-stock award of $3.5 million as an incentive to remain with the search company and pass up an offer from Facebook.
The Google ruling triumvirate--CEO Eric Schmidt, and co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page--will continue to accept a salary of $1 and did not take any additional stock rewards. Not that they really need it: together, the three control more than half of Google's outstanding stock, with Brin and Page supplementing their incomes this year by selling off shares in a diversification strategy.
Would e-mail transform Facebook?
Facebook has overcome plenty of challenges and defied plenty of detractors in its ascent to Internet power. It looks likely to take on a new set of both Monday with an expected new e-mail service.
ZDNet blogger Mary Jo Foley published word of the expected Facebook e-mail service yesterday, along with the possibility that Facebook will integrate it with Microsoft's online Office tools. And today, TechCrunch also said Facebook will unveil its e-mail service, called Titan. Facebook's invitation, styled like an air mail envelope, suggests there's truth to the reports.
E-mail is in many ways a natural extension of Facebook's service. Both are about communicating with your contacts.
But true e-mail would be a big change for Facebook for one reason: for it to reach its full potential, the service would have to reach beyond Facebook's walled garden.
Facebook already has a rudimentary system for direct, private messages among its members, including several people in one discussion thread. But it's missing not just the ability to communicate outside Facebook, but also countless useful features available in real e-mail. Forget filtering, free-form attachments, a means to organize messages, and access from third-party e-mail client software such as Outlook or Thunderbird.
Even if Facebook e-mail can communicate with the outside world, as seems likely, there are different degrees of openness and control that come with Web-based e-mail.
Google's Gmail is the leader right now when it comes to e-mail openness. E-mail software, mobile phones, and rival e-mail services can check Gmail through the POP or IMAP e-mail transfer protocols. That makes it possible, for example, to back up your entire e-mail archive with Thunderbird if you want to move to a different service. And Gmail messages can automatically be forwarded to another address if want to try it without committing or to dump it for something else.
That's not to suggest it's impossible to launch a walled-off service. I just think it would be a step in the wrong direction.
Instant messaging provides a cautionary tale. With largely non-interoperable networks from Yahoo, Microsoft, and AOL, we had to grapple with multiple chat programs, getting our contacts to join our networks, or employ imperfectly compatible multi-network chat programs. And instead of instant messaging growing to be a full-fledged service fundamental to Net communications, it was left stagnating on the sidelines. Who knows what IM might have blossomed into had it been shared or standardized?
Facebook vs. Google
Will Facebook match Gmail's relative openness with its own e-mail service? The recent spat between Google and Facebook regarding members' ownership of contact data, including Google's new requirements of sharing reciprocity for those who ingest Gmail contacts data, puts the question into sharper focus.
It also shows just how fierce the fight is between the two companies over social matters. Gmail hasn't truly been threatened by Facebook so far. But Google hasn't been able to match Facebook's social networking tools and membership participation, despite Buzz riding on the coattails of the Gmail contacts list.
Facebook has a real shot at being relevant for personal e-mail, given how many hours people spend there already. With Facebook pages, the service is getting more of a business angle, at least for promotional purposes, but I don't imagine companies will be ditching Exchange for Facebook any time soon.
It's hard to get people to switch e-mail services, though. Google's Gmail is the present darling of the techno-in-crowd, even to the point that the trend-mocking Stuff White People Like blog asserts that having a Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, or AOL e-mail address is grounds for breaking up. Yet those older services still have tens of millions of active members. Inertia is a powerful force, especially when it comes to the hassles of changing your contact information with friends, banks, airlines, retailers, business contacts, and countless other organizations that use your address.
The big unknown, though, is what Facebook e-mail could supply beyond an inbox and address book. Gmail genuinely innovated with storage capacity, the ability to archive e-mail, secure communications by default, and customization through labs features. What might Facebook accomplish, especially given its quantitative knowledge of who is most important to whom in the social realm?
Where does Google TV go from here?
Those beautiful Sony television sets featuring Google TV are starting to look a lot like high-priced door stops.
Google TV enables users to view Web sites and Internet video on their home TVs. However, consumers are prevented from accessing content from the four major broadcast networks on the software platform as Fox announced Wednesday it would join ABC, CBS, and NBC in blocking access to their content.
While some Google TV enthusiasts are cautioning people not to panic, noting that Google TV still offers such fare as "The Jersey Shore" and other popular shows from the likes of MTV and Time Warner, the truth is there's nothing to indicate Viacom, MTV's parent company, won't opt out the way Fox did. As for Time Warner, Google TV owners will have access to HBO shows provided one is an HBO paid subscriber. Google said recently it is also working on getting access to Hulu Plus. But again, that's for Hulu subscribers only.
Access to paid TV content isn't sexy. Don't they call that cable?
If you expected to watch a wide range of popular shows for free via Google TV anytime soon, it really is time to panic. The networks are preventing Google TV, a software platform, from streaming to consumers' TVs the same content that's available for free on the Web. But why are the networks doing this and what can be done about it?
Matter of trust
The problem comes down to trust, according to three executives in the TV arena who spoke to CNET on the condition that they remain anonymous because of their dealings with Google. They say broadcasters are wary of Google. Some network executives suspect Google's plan is to position itself between the broadcasters and consumers, the sources said. By being vague about how they intend to profit from Google TV, Google managers certainly didn't put those concerns to rest.
"What's the source of revenue? Nobody knows," said Dan Rayburn, a streaming-media analyst for consulting firm Frost & Sullivan. "They aren't doing this out of the kindness of their hearts. The broadcasters are worried."
Google declined to comment for this story.
According to the three industry sources, the history of the television business is filled with people who made a killing after finding new ways to distribute content and refusing to fairly compensate the content makers. Among the examples most cited in Hollywood are home-video recorders and cable TV.
The bitterness that lingers among broadcasters in this latter area played out in public last month when Fox demanded higher fees from Cablevision. The feud resulted in Fox pulling its content off the cable distributor for two weeks. Cablevision eventually capitulated and paid what it called an "unfair" amount.
All of that sounds ominous for Google but don't chuck Google TV or the company's competitors quite yet. The blueprint for making something like this work was drawn up already by Netflix. We'll get back to that.
First, for Google managers to get the content they want, they need to remake their image in Hollywood.
Decision makers at TV and film companies have become good students of history. They know what happens when companies such as Apple and Google get control of some entertainment sector's online distribution. Apple's iTunes is the largest music retailer online and off and wields enormous influence over the recorded music sector.
Earlier this decade, newspapers were slow to react when Google began aggregating headlines, and before long, news organizations found themselves dependent on Google for traffic.
In addition to all that, many in the entertainment sector remember the search engine's hardball tactics involving YouTube. Google was initially vague about the company's ability to filter for unauthorized clips that YouTube users posted to the site. At the same time, Google was vying to license film and TV content from studios and networks. To some who negotiated for the networks, the implication was that either they licensed their content on Google's terms or else the pirated clips would remain at YouTube.
Google always denied trying to muscle the entertainment sector. What everybody agrees on is that in recent years Google has wooed the film and TV sectors. The company eventually rolled out a filtering system at YouTube and cut licensing deals that culminated with the launch of a YouTube video-rental service.
Obviously, none of that appears to have helped Google get content for Google TV. So, Google appears ready to learn from the unchallenged leader providing Web video to living-room TVs.
Copy Netflix's example?
In September, Google hired Robert Kyncl as head of TV and film entertainment. Kyncl was the former vice president of content acquisitions at Netflix. Last month, Netflix said the company has transformed itself from a mail-order DVD-rental business to a streaming-video service.
If Google follows the path forged by Netflix, expect the search engine to push Google TV onto a large number of video game consoles, set-top boxes, and Internet TVs (Google TV is already working with Sony and Logitech).
However, Google TV must generate a large following. Netflix has acquired 17 million subscribers so far.
Netflix has also paid large sums to acquire content. The video rental service this year penned major deals with Relativity, a media distributor and Epix, a paid TV channel.
Not everyone agrees Google should try to compete against Netflix and the cable companies by offering TV content. Mark Cuban, the well-known entrepreneur and founder of cable channel HDNet, wrote last month that Google's chances of prevailing are slim. He has another idea. Cuban suggests Google should compete by turning Google TV into a game platform.
"If Google, Apple, and their competitors can find simple games that are compelling to tens of millions of people and create a unique experience on your HDTV, they have a chance to start pulling people away from watching shows on TV," Cuban wrote at his blog. "They have to change the game. Not play the same old game."
Google TV enables users to view Web sites and Internet video on their home TVs. However, consumers are prevented from accessing content from the four major broadcast networks on the software platform as Fox announced Wednesday it would join ABC, CBS, and NBC in blocking access to their content.
While some Google TV enthusiasts are cautioning people not to panic, noting that Google TV still offers such fare as "The Jersey Shore" and other popular shows from the likes of MTV and Time Warner, the truth is there's nothing to indicate Viacom, MTV's parent company, won't opt out the way Fox did. As for Time Warner, Google TV owners will have access to HBO shows provided one is an HBO paid subscriber. Google said recently it is also working on getting access to Hulu Plus. But again, that's for Hulu subscribers only.
Access to paid TV content isn't sexy. Don't they call that cable?
If you expected to watch a wide range of popular shows for free via Google TV anytime soon, it really is time to panic. The networks are preventing Google TV, a software platform, from streaming to consumers' TVs the same content that's available for free on the Web. But why are the networks doing this and what can be done about it?
Matter of trust
The problem comes down to trust, according to three executives in the TV arena who spoke to CNET on the condition that they remain anonymous because of their dealings with Google. They say broadcasters are wary of Google. Some network executives suspect Google's plan is to position itself between the broadcasters and consumers, the sources said. By being vague about how they intend to profit from Google TV, Google managers certainly didn't put those concerns to rest.
"What's the source of revenue? Nobody knows," said Dan Rayburn, a streaming-media analyst for consulting firm Frost & Sullivan. "They aren't doing this out of the kindness of their hearts. The broadcasters are worried."
Google declined to comment for this story.
According to the three industry sources, the history of the television business is filled with people who made a killing after finding new ways to distribute content and refusing to fairly compensate the content makers. Among the examples most cited in Hollywood are home-video recorders and cable TV.
The bitterness that lingers among broadcasters in this latter area played out in public last month when Fox demanded higher fees from Cablevision. The feud resulted in Fox pulling its content off the cable distributor for two weeks. Cablevision eventually capitulated and paid what it called an "unfair" amount.
All of that sounds ominous for Google but don't chuck Google TV or the company's competitors quite yet. The blueprint for making something like this work was drawn up already by Netflix. We'll get back to that.
First, for Google managers to get the content they want, they need to remake their image in Hollywood.
Decision makers at TV and film companies have become good students of history. They know what happens when companies such as Apple and Google get control of some entertainment sector's online distribution. Apple's iTunes is the largest music retailer online and off and wields enormous influence over the recorded music sector.
Earlier this decade, newspapers were slow to react when Google began aggregating headlines, and before long, news organizations found themselves dependent on Google for traffic.
In addition to all that, many in the entertainment sector remember the search engine's hardball tactics involving YouTube. Google was initially vague about the company's ability to filter for unauthorized clips that YouTube users posted to the site. At the same time, Google was vying to license film and TV content from studios and networks. To some who negotiated for the networks, the implication was that either they licensed their content on Google's terms or else the pirated clips would remain at YouTube.
Google always denied trying to muscle the entertainment sector. What everybody agrees on is that in recent years Google has wooed the film and TV sectors. The company eventually rolled out a filtering system at YouTube and cut licensing deals that culminated with the launch of a YouTube video-rental service.
Obviously, none of that appears to have helped Google get content for Google TV. So, Google appears ready to learn from the unchallenged leader providing Web video to living-room TVs.
Copy Netflix's example?
In September, Google hired Robert Kyncl as head of TV and film entertainment. Kyncl was the former vice president of content acquisitions at Netflix. Last month, Netflix said the company has transformed itself from a mail-order DVD-rental business to a streaming-video service.
If Google follows the path forged by Netflix, expect the search engine to push Google TV onto a large number of video game consoles, set-top boxes, and Internet TVs (Google TV is already working with Sony and Logitech).
However, Google TV must generate a large following. Netflix has acquired 17 million subscribers so far.
Netflix has also paid large sums to acquire content. The video rental service this year penned major deals with Relativity, a media distributor and Epix, a paid TV channel.
Not everyone agrees Google should try to compete against Netflix and the cable companies by offering TV content. Mark Cuban, the well-known entrepreneur and founder of cable channel HDNet, wrote last month that Google's chances of prevailing are slim. He has another idea. Cuban suggests Google should compete by turning Google TV into a game platform.
"If Google, Apple, and their competitors can find simple games that are compelling to tens of millions of people and create a unique experience on your HDTV, they have a chance to start pulling people away from watching shows on TV," Cuban wrote at his blog. "They have to change the game. Not play the same old game."
শুক্রবার, নভেম্বর ১২, ২০১০
Qubee wimax in bangladesh
What's Qubee
Qubee is the Fast and Reliable internet experience from Augere. We believe that everyone should be able to enjoy trouble-free access to the internet and the opportunities that it brings. We also believe that in the internet world, speed is happiness so we offer fast and reliable download backed up by customer service that never sleeps.
To provide fast and uninterrupted internet, QUBEE is using WiMAX technology, which is the latest 4G wireless solution.
We aren’t just making the internet work, we’re making it work beautifully. And now it can be yours to enjoy.
Get Qubee
To provide fast and uninterrupted internet, QUBEE is using WiMAX technology, which is the latest 4G wireless solution.
We aren’t just making the internet work, we’re making it work beautifully. And now it can be yours to enjoy.
Where's Qubee
Qubee will soon be available right across Bangladesh, the service is currently available in Dhaka and Chittagong.
Please use the coverage maps to see if your home or business can currently receive the Qubee internet service. They will be updated regularly as the Qubee network grows across Bangladesh. If you're in any doubt about coverage in your area, please contact our customer service team or visit a Qubee outlet. We’ll be happy to help you.
If you live outside of our coverage areas, please pre-register your interest in Qubee here anGet Qubee
It’s really easy to subscribe to the Qubee service:
- Decide which package suits you best
- Sign up using our quick online registration form
- Wait for one of our sales representatives to contact you to complete the registration process
If you prefer, you can call our customer service line on 02 895 99 11 and we'll be very happy to help you get signed up.
We’d also love to meet you at our Qubee store or at a Qubee experience booth. Click here for our outlet locations and opening times and here for our experience booth schedule.
Qubee introduces range of new packages to suit your monthly need. Be it speed, volume; Qubee has the solution which is fast and reliable. Now you can enjoy the fast and reliable 512 kbps speed @ Tk 1250. Enjoy Skype, streaming YouTube, download and browse your Facebook profile faster.
Qubee offers 5 GB, 10 GB and Sky solution for all three speeds.
Whether you use email, Skype, connect through social network, browse information, listen to internet radio, and download movies or songs: you can choose the volumes according to your need.
*Additional charge of BDT 0.15/MB beyond Usage Allowance is applicable in all packages except Sky. BDT figures in above table indicate monthly fee.
**Fair Usage Policy is applicable for Sky packages.
Celebrate Real Internet experience.
**Including six months service/replacement warranty
Qubee offers 5 GB, 10 GB and Sky solution for all three speeds.
Whether you use email, Skype, connect through social network, browse information, listen to internet radio, and download movies or songs: you can choose the volumes according to your need.
| | Monthly Usage Allowance* | ||
| Speed | 5GB | 10GB | Sky ** |
| 256 Kbps | BDT 850 | BDT 950 | BDT 1,250 |
| 512 Kbps | BDT 1,250 | BDT 1,450 | BDT 2,250 |
| 1Mbps | BDT 2,250 | BDT 2,750 | BDT 5,250 |
**Fair Usage Policy is applicable for Sky packages.
- Existing users can migrate (speed upgrade/downgrade) to any of these packages by calling the Qubee hotline.
- VAT is applicable on all charges.
Celebrate Real Internet experience.
| Qubee Modem | Tk. 3,000** |
| Modem Installation | Free |
| First month's fee payable at the time of signup | |
GrameenPhone’s Internet & the reality
GrameenPhone started to provide internet service in Bangladesh since few years and is the first to provide such service to people. It uses EDGE technology for this. EDGE is a GSM 2.5 technology but not 3G, often referred as pre-3G.
Grammen has picked-up customers quickly, although the service was available to only limited number of people. It’s very obvious that with increase of customers, they didn’t put extra care on increase of band-width. The ultimate sufferers were the subscribers who are putting money in every month and day, but not getting a good speed at all.
You can get full details from below link.
http://www.grameenphone.com/index.php?id=134
Grammen has picked-up customers quickly, although the service was available to only limited number of people. It’s very obvious that with increase of customers, they didn’t put extra care on increase of band-width. The ultimate sufferers were the subscribers who are putting money in every month and day, but not getting a good speed at all.
You can get full details from below link.
http://www.grameenphone.com/index.php?id=134
bit/byte and kilo/mega/giga/tera/peta
Convention:
“b” (small B) denotes bit and “B” (capital B) denotes byte.
128 kb = 128 kilo bit
16 kB = 16 kilo byte
For some cases, “k” (small K) before “b” denotes bit and “K” (capital K) denotes byte.
128 kb = 128 kilo bit
16 Kb = 16 kilo byte
So,
1 Kilo Byte = 1 kB = 1 KB
1 Kilo Bit = 1 kb
Learning:
1 Byte = 8 Bit
1 kb (Kilo-Byte)
= 1000 bit
= 125 Byte
= 0.125 KB
1 mb (Mega-Bit)
= 1000 kb
= 1000 x 1000 bit
= 125,000 Byte
= 125.00 KB
= 0.125 MB
1 gb (Giga-Bit)
= 1000 mb
= 1000 x 1000 kb
= 1000 x1000 x1000 bit
= 125,000,000 Byte
= 125,000 KB
= 125 MB
= 0.125 GB
“b” (small B) denotes bit and “B” (capital B) denotes byte.
128 kb = 128 kilo bit
16 kB = 16 kilo byte
For some cases, “k” (small K) before “b” denotes bit and “K” (capital K) denotes byte.
128 kb = 128 kilo bit
16 Kb = 16 kilo byte
So,
1 Kilo Byte = 1 kB = 1 KB
1 Kilo Bit = 1 kb
Learning:
1 Byte = 8 Bit
1 kb (Kilo-Byte)
= 1000 bit
= 125 Byte
= 0.125 KB
1 mb (Mega-Bit)
= 1000 kb
= 1000 x 1000 bit
= 125,000 Byte
= 125.00 KB
= 0.125 MB
1 gb (Giga-Bit)
= 1000 mb
= 1000 x 1000 kb
= 1000 x1000 x1000 bit
= 125,000,000 Byte
= 125,000 KB
= 125 MB
= 0.125 GB
BanglaLink Internet/MMS/WAP Settings
BanglaLink Settings
You need to configure EDGE settings on your handset in order to use some of the Value Added Services such as INTERNET, WAP & MMS. You can configure your handset for EDGE settings in one of the three ways described below:- Via SMS Send a text message to 3343:
- Write
and SMS it to 3343 .
- Write
- Call at 121 Hotline – You can call to 121 Hotline & request Customer Manager for your settings.
- Manual Configuration – You can configure your Handset Call to 121 Hotline & request to Customer Manager for settings.
Configuration for INTERNET:
For Internet Configuration the following information must be provided in a EDGE or GPRS enable Handsets:Account Name: BL INTERNET
Access Point Name (APN): blweb
Authentication Type: Normal
IP Address/Gateway/Proxy: N/A
Port/ Proxy Port: N/A
Connection type: GPRS/ Packet Data
Homepage: http://www.google.com
Configuration for MMS:
For MMS Configuration the following information must be provided in a EDGE or GPRS enable Handsets:Account Name: BL MMS
Access Point Name (APN): blmms
Authentication Type: Normal
IP Address/Gateway/Proxy: 010.010.055.034
Port/ Proxy Port: 8799
Connection type: GPRS/ Packet Data
Homepage: http://mmsc1:10021/mmsc/01
Configuration for WAP:
For WAP Configuration the following information must be provided in a EDGE or GPRS enable Handsets:Account Name: BL WAP
Access Point Name (APN): blwap
Authentication Type: Normal
IP Address/Gateway/Proxy: 010.010.055.034
Port/ Proxy Port: 8799
Connection type: GPRS/ Packet Data
Homepage: http://wap.google.com
GrameenPhone Internet/MMS/WAP Settings
GrameenPhone Settings
You need to configure EDGE settings on your handset in order to use some of the Value Added Services such as INTERNET, WAP & MMS. You can configure your handset for EDGE settings in one of the three ways described below:- Via SMS Send a text message to 8080 from your handset to receive your handset settings:
- For All handset setting: Write “All” and SMS it to 8080.
- Call at 121 Hotline – You can call to 121 Hotline & request Customer Manager for your settings.
- Manual Configuration – You can configure your Handset Call to 121 Hotline & request to Customer Manager for settings.
Configuration for INTERNET:
For Internet Configuration the following information must be provided in a EDGE or GPRS enable Handsets:Account Name: GP INTERNET
Access Point Name (APN): gpinternet
Authentication Type: Normal
IP Address/Gateway/Proxy: N/A
Port/ Proxy Port: N/A
Connection type: GPRS/ Packet Data
Homepage: http://www.google.com
Configuration for MMS:
For MMS Configuration the following information must be provided in a EDGE or GPRS enable Handsets:Account Name: GP MMS
Access Point Name (APN): gpmms
Authentication Type: Normal
IP Address/Gateway/Proxy: 010.128.001.002
Port/ Proxy Port: 8080 or 9201
Connection type: GPRS/ Packet Data
Homepage: http://mms.gpsurf.net/servlets/mms
Configuration for WAP:
For WAP Configuration the following information must be provided in a EDGE or GPRS enable Handsets:Account Name: GP WAP
Access Point Name (APN): gpwap
Authentication Type: Normal
IP Address/Gateway/Proxy: 010.128.001.002
Port/ Proxy Port: 8080 or 9201
Connection type: GPRS/ Packet Data
Homepage: http://wap.gpworld.com
BTCL High-Speed Broadband Internet – New Packages
The number of BTCL customers could not reach even 1,000 though the high-speed broadband internet service was launched seven months ago.
To increase the number of customers, the state-owned Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Ltd (BTCL), has now introduced three new packages and reduced charges for its other packages.
BTCL managing director engineer S M Khairuzzaman regretted that the present strength of BTCL subscribers is below 1,000 though the big cities have the connection capacity for 33,000 high-speed broadband lines.
He told bdnews24.com, “Along with land phones, BTCL, with the objective of giving value added services, has introduced three new packages at reduced prices.”
A meeting of the board of BTRC—the telecom regulatory body—approved the new packages and reduced call charges being introduced by BTCL.
He further claimed that compared with other services, the new BTCL packages would provide scope for downloading data up to two gigabytes with a speed of 128 kbps at Tk 300 only.
“Last April, BTCL introduced its high-speed broadband internet service along with land phone dial-up connections. This internet service is given in five packages under the ‘adsl plus2′ technology,” said the BTCL MD.
BTCL started giving the broadband connections to Dhaka, Chittagong, Comilla, Jessore, Rajshahi, Bogra, Khulna, Barisal and Mymensingh.
An official concerned, preferring not to be named, said, “Because of lack of effective steps for marketing and also the absence of publicity, this service could not earn popularity among customers.”
He said, “Compared with other internet service providers, BTCL’s improved high-speed broadband internet service remained unnoticed by customers.”
If publicity is properly done, BTCL will have a terrific market for its broadband internet service, he observed.
“Though we are offering a qualitatively better broadband service at a competitive price, we are yet to attract customers,” admitted BTCL managing director Khabiruzzaman.
“That is why the new packages have been introduced with reduced charges.”
Under the new pre-paid packages, customers can download 2 gigabytes at a speed of 128 kbps at Tk 300, 8 gigabytes with 256 kbps at Tk 1,200 and 16 gigabytes with one megabyte speed at Tk 2,400. BTCL charges only Tk 500 as registration fee and Tk 600 taka as setup configuration cost.
BTCL has two packages for day and night. For the daytime (from 8am to 8pm), the charge for 128 kbps is Tk 2,100, for 256 kbps the charge is Tk 4,500 and for 2,000 kbps the cost is Tk 6,000—all for a three-month period.
For night-time (8 pm to 8am), the charge is Tk 3,000 for three months for 512 kbps, Tk 4,500 for 1000 kbps and Tk 7,200 for 2,000 kbps.
Registration fee is only Tk 300 for these two packages and Tk 500 is setup configuration charge.
On the other hand, unlimited postpaid connection charges were also reduced, BTCL officials informed.
Under re-fixed rates, the charge is Tk 800 for 128 kbps, Tk 1,200 for 256 kbps and Tk 2,000 for 512 kbps—all for three months.
If any customer pays three months’ charges at a time, a bonus for free internet use will be given for an additional one month.
To increase the number of customers, the state-owned Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Ltd (BTCL), has now introduced three new packages and reduced charges for its other packages.
BTCL managing director engineer S M Khairuzzaman regretted that the present strength of BTCL subscribers is below 1,000 though the big cities have the connection capacity for 33,000 high-speed broadband lines.
He told bdnews24.com, “Along with land phones, BTCL, with the objective of giving value added services, has introduced three new packages at reduced prices.”
A meeting of the board of BTRC—the telecom regulatory body—approved the new packages and reduced call charges being introduced by BTCL.
He further claimed that compared with other services, the new BTCL packages would provide scope for downloading data up to two gigabytes with a speed of 128 kbps at Tk 300 only.
“Last April, BTCL introduced its high-speed broadband internet service along with land phone dial-up connections. This internet service is given in five packages under the ‘adsl plus2′ technology,” said the BTCL MD.
BTCL started giving the broadband connections to Dhaka, Chittagong, Comilla, Jessore, Rajshahi, Bogra, Khulna, Barisal and Mymensingh.
An official concerned, preferring not to be named, said, “Because of lack of effective steps for marketing and also the absence of publicity, this service could not earn popularity among customers.”
He said, “Compared with other internet service providers, BTCL’s improved high-speed broadband internet service remained unnoticed by customers.”
If publicity is properly done, BTCL will have a terrific market for its broadband internet service, he observed.
“Though we are offering a qualitatively better broadband service at a competitive price, we are yet to attract customers,” admitted BTCL managing director Khabiruzzaman.
“That is why the new packages have been introduced with reduced charges.”
Under the new pre-paid packages, customers can download 2 gigabytes at a speed of 128 kbps at Tk 300, 8 gigabytes with 256 kbps at Tk 1,200 and 16 gigabytes with one megabyte speed at Tk 2,400. BTCL charges only Tk 500 as registration fee and Tk 600 taka as setup configuration cost.
BTCL has two packages for day and night. For the daytime (from 8am to 8pm), the charge for 128 kbps is Tk 2,100, for 256 kbps the charge is Tk 4,500 and for 2,000 kbps the cost is Tk 6,000—all for a three-month period.
For night-time (8 pm to 8am), the charge is Tk 3,000 for three months for 512 kbps, Tk 4,500 for 1000 kbps and Tk 7,200 for 2,000 kbps.
Registration fee is only Tk 300 for these two packages and Tk 500 is setup configuration charge.
On the other hand, unlimited postpaid connection charges were also reduced, BTCL officials informed.
Under re-fixed rates, the charge is Tk 800 for 128 kbps, Tk 1,200 for 256 kbps and Tk 2,000 for 512 kbps—all for three months.
If any customer pays three months’ charges at a time, a bonus for free internet use will be given for an additional one month.
Ericssion urges 3G supported frequency in Bangladesh
The world’s biggest mobile network maker, called on Bangladesh on Wednesday to issue 3G licences so operators can launch mobile broadband services there.
Mobile broadband services, which require the licensing of the 2100 MHz spectrum band for third-generation services, would give many more people access to the Internet as Bangladesh has a high number of mobile phones and comparatively few fixed lines.
“If the government releases appropriate spectrum for 3G, which is the proven global mainstream for the mobile broadband, then we are confident that it will contribute significantly to the country’s GDP growth,” Arun Bansal, managing director of the Ericsson Bangladesh, told a news confrence.
The mobile phone sector contributed 6.2 percent of Bangladesh’s GDP in 2007. Research firm Deloitte & Touche have estimated that mobile communication has raised GDP growth in Bangladesh by 0.12 percent for each 1 percent increase in penetration.
“It is estimated that there are over 6 million mobile internet users and already today 15 percent of the mobile handsets used in Bangladesh market are 3G enabled,” Bansal said.
Bangladesh’s mobile sector has grown rapidly, with the number of users reaching around 46 million at the end of March from 200,000 in 2001, compared with only 1.37 million fixed-line phones.
Analysts have predicted that by 2011 the number of mobile subscribers could top 70 million, which is nearly half the country’s population.
There are six cellphone carriers in Bangladesh, of which five are foreign operators. Grameenphone, controlled by Norway’s Telenor leads the market with 21 million subscribers followed by Egyptian Orascom Telecom’s Banglalink.
Although nearly half of the country’s population is still below the poverty line, the country has been one of the world’s fastest growing cellular markets.
Telecom analysts have said that the 3G broadband services would enable people to get easy access to information on health, education, agriculture and job opportunities.
Mobile broadband services, which require the licensing of the 2100 MHz spectrum band for third-generation services, would give many more people access to the Internet as Bangladesh has a high number of mobile phones and comparatively few fixed lines.
“If the government releases appropriate spectrum for 3G, which is the proven global mainstream for the mobile broadband, then we are confident that it will contribute significantly to the country’s GDP growth,” Arun Bansal, managing director of the Ericsson Bangladesh, told a news confrence.
The mobile phone sector contributed 6.2 percent of Bangladesh’s GDP in 2007. Research firm Deloitte & Touche have estimated that mobile communication has raised GDP growth in Bangladesh by 0.12 percent for each 1 percent increase in penetration.
“It is estimated that there are over 6 million mobile internet users and already today 15 percent of the mobile handsets used in Bangladesh market are 3G enabled,” Bansal said.
Bangladesh’s mobile sector has grown rapidly, with the number of users reaching around 46 million at the end of March from 200,000 in 2001, compared with only 1.37 million fixed-line phones.
Analysts have predicted that by 2011 the number of mobile subscribers could top 70 million, which is nearly half the country’s population.
There are six cellphone carriers in Bangladesh, of which five are foreign operators. Grameenphone, controlled by Norway’s Telenor leads the market with 21 million subscribers followed by Egyptian Orascom Telecom’s Banglalink.
Although nearly half of the country’s population is still below the poverty line, the country has been one of the world’s fastest growing cellular markets.
Telecom analysts have said that the 3G broadband services would enable people to get easy access to information on health, education, agriculture and job opportunities.
Banglalion Wimax Internet in bangladesh
Banglalion Communications Ltd is the leading BWA operators in Bangladesh having nationwide license in 2.5 GHz band. We are committed to build a connected Bangladesh through wireless telecom solutions and create a new impact on our business, society, economy, lifestyle and people surrounding us.
Banglalion WiMAX brings the latest technology which enables you to enjoy high speed connectivity which is mobile and wireless. We understand that people and businesses in Bangladesh need and want faster, accessible, and affordable wireless broadband services and we are working hard to ensure those. We are a company with integrity, dynamism, commitment and innovation who are making sure a smooth, uninterrupted services for data, video and voice.
We are passionate about our products, services and customers. We are also committed to develop new services, products and facilities to meet your requirements. In this ever changing world, Bangladesh is changing and Banglalion will remain focus to your needs and we are online access to the world of information, business, excitement, and lifestyle.
Uses of WiMAX 
- Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for broadband access.
- Providing data and telecommunications services.
- Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a business has both a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage.
- Providing portable connectivity.
Upcoming Services of Banglalion
|
|
Round the Clock Customer Care
- 24x7 Hotline.
- Live Support.
- Quick response to queries.
- Dedicated support team.
| No | Speeds | Monthly Subscription (Tk) | Monthly Usage |
| 1 | 128 Kbps | 600 | Unlimited |
| 2 | 256 Kbps | 1000 | Unlimited |
| 3 | 256 Kbps | 800 | 5 GB |
| 4 | 512 Kbps | 2150 | Unlimited |
| 5 | 512 Kbps | 1250 | 5 GB |
| 6 | 512 Kbps | 1450 | 10 GB |
| 7 | 1 Mbps | 5150 | Unlimited |
| 8 | 1 Mbps | 2250 | 5 GB |
| 9 | 1 Mbps | 2750 | 10 GB |
| 10 | 1 Mbps | 4750 | 20 GB |
Note:
- Additional Usage Tk. 0.15/MB
- All charges are excluding VAT
- VAT = 15% of the Package Price
- For above 1MB connectivity and other customized packages please contact our Sales Team @ 01198989898
Windows XP
Windows XP is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, and media centers. It was first released in August 2001, and is the most popular version of Windows, based on installed user base. The name "XP" is short for "eXPerience."[3]
Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 and Windows Me, and is the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was released for retail sale on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006, according to an estimate in that month by an IDC analyst.[4] It was succeeded by Windows Vista, which was released to volume license customers on November 8, 2006, and worldwide to the general public on January 30, 2007. Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell XP through their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled computers) program until January 31, 2009.[5][6] XP may continue to be available as these sources run through their inventory or by purchasing Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 7 Pro, Windows Vista Ultimate or Windows Vista Business, and then downgrading to Windows XP.[7][8]
The most common editions of the operating system are Windows XP Home Edition, which is targeted at home users, and Windows XP Professional, which offers additional features such as support for Windows Server domains and two physical processors, and is targeted at power users, business and enterprise clients. Windows XP Media Center Edition has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music. Windows XP Tablet PC Edition is designed to run stylus applications built using the Tablet PC platform.
Windows XP was eventually released for two additional architectures, Windows XP 64-bit Edition for IA-64 (Itanium) processors and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for x86-64. There is also Windows XP Embedded, a component version of the Windows XP Professional, and editions for specific markets such as Windows XP Starter Edition. By mid 2009, a manufacturer revealed the first Windows XP powered cellular telephone.[9]
The NT-based versions of Windows, which are programmed in C, C++, and assembly,[10] are known for their improved stability and efficiency over the 9x versions of Microsoft Windows.[11][12] Windows XP presents a significantly redesigned graphical user interface, a change Microsoft promoted as more user-friendly than previous versions of Windows. A new software management facility called Side-by-Side Assembly was introduced to ameliorate the "DLL hell" that plagues 9x versions of Windows.[13][14] It is also the first version of Windows to use product activation to combat illegal copying. Windows XP has also been criticized by some users for security vulnerabilities, tight integration of applications such as Internet Explorer 6 and Windows Media Player, and for aspects of its default user interface. Later versions with Service Pack 2, Service Pack 3, and Internet Explorer 8 addressed some of these concerns.
During development, the project was codenamed "Whistler", after Whistler, British Columbia, as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort.[15]
According to web analytics data generated by W3Schools, as of October 2010[update], Windows XP is the most widely used operating system for accessing the Internet in the world with a 48.9% market share, having peaked at 76.1% in January 2007.[16]
Two different 64-bit editions were made available, one designed specifically for Itanium-based workstations, which was introduced in 2001 around the same time as the Home and Professional editions, but was discontinued a few years later when vendors of Itanium hardware stopped selling workstation-class machines due to low sales. The other, called Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, supports the x86-64 extension of the Intel IA-32 architecture. x86-64 is implemented by AMD as "AMD64", found in AMD's Opteron and Athlon 64 chips, and implemented by Intel as "Intel 64" (formerly known as IA-32e and EM64T), found in Intel's Pentium 4 and later chips.
Windows XP Tablet PC Edition was produced for a class of specially designed notebook/laptop computers called tablet PCs. It is compatible with a pen-sensitive screen, supporting handwritten notes and portrait-oriented screens.
Microsoft also released Windows XP Embedded, an edition for specific consumer electronics, set-top boxes, kiosks/ATMs, medical devices, arcade video games, point-of-sale terminals, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) components. In July 2006, Microsoft released Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs, a thin client version of Windows XP Embedded which targets older machines (as early as the original Pentium). It is only available to Software Assurance customers. It is intended for corporate customers who would like to upgrade to Windows XP to take advantage of its security and management capabilities, but can't afford to purchase new hardware.
In March 2004, the European Commission fined Microsoft €497 million (US$603 million) and ordered the company to provide a version of Windows without Windows Media Player. The Commission concluded that Microsoft "broke European Union competition law by leveraging its near monopoly in the market for PC operating systems onto the markets for work group server operating systems and for media players". After unsuccessful appeals in 2004 and 2005, Microsoft reached an agreement with the Commission where it would release a court-compliant version, Windows XP Edition N. This version does not include the company's Windows Media Player but instead encourages users to pick and download their own media player. Microsoft wanted to call this version Reduced Media Edition, but EU regulators objected and suggested the Edition N name, with the N signifying "not with Media Player" for both Home and Professional editions of Windows XP. Because it is sold at the same price as the version with Windows Media Player included, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Lenovo and Fujitsu Siemens have chosen not to stock the product. However, Dell did offer the operating system for a short time. Consumer interest has been low, with roughly 1,500 units shipped to OEMs, and no reported sales to consumers.[18][19][20][21]
In December 2005, the Korean Fair Trade Commission ordered Microsoft to make available editions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 that do not contain Windows Media Player or Windows Messenger.[22] Like the European Commission decision, this decision was based on the grounds that Microsoft had abused its dominant position in the market to push other products onto consumers. Unlike that decision, however, Microsoft was also forced to withdraw the non-compliant versions of Windows from the South Korean market. This decision resulted in Microsoft's releasing "K" and "KN" variants of the Home and Professional editions in August 2006.
That same year, Microsoft also released two additional editions of Windows XP Home Edition directed towards subscription-based and pay-as-you-go pricing models. These editions, released as part of Microsoft's FlexGo initiative, are used in conjunction with a hardware component to enforce time limitations on the usage of Windows. Its target market is emerging economies such as Brazil and Vietnam.[23]
Diebold initially shipped XP Home Edition exclusively, but, following extensive pressure from customer banks to support a common operating system, switched to support XP Professional to match their primary competitor, NCR Corporation and Wincor Nixdorf.
Redbox DVD Vending machines run a modified version of XP designed for the fullscreen User Interface of the Vending Touchscreen and the DVD vending itself.[citation needed]
In addition to the included Windows XP themes, there is one previously unreleased theme with a dark blue taskbar and window bars similar to Windows Vista titled "Royale Noir" available for download, albeit unofficially.[30] Microsoft officially released a modified version of this theme as the "Zune" theme, to celebrate the launch of its Zune portable media player in November 2006. The differences are only visual with a new glassy look along with a black taskbar instead of dark blue and an orange start button instead of green.[31] Additionally, the Media Center "Energy Blue" theme, which was included in the Media Center editions, is also available to download for use on all Windows XP editions.[32]
The default wallpaper, Bliss, is a BMP photograph of a landscape in the Napa Valley outside Napa, California,[33] with rolling green hills and a blue sky with stratocumulus and cirrus clouds.
The Windows 2000 "classic" interface can be used instead if preferred. Several third party utilities exist that provide hundreds of different visual styles.
The service pack details below only apply to the 32-bit editions. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition was based on Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and claimed to be "SP1" in system properties from the initial release. It is updated by the same service packs and hotfixes as the x64 edition of Windows Server 2003.
Service Pack 1 (SP1) for Windows XP was released on September 9, 2002. It contains post-RTM security fixes and hot-fixes, compatibility updates, optional .NET Framework support, enabling technologies for new devices such as Tablet PCs, and a new Windows Messenger 4.7 version. The most notable new features were USB 2.0 support and a Set Program Access and Defaults utility that aimed at hiding various middleware products. Users can control the default application for activities such as web browsing and instant messaging, as well as hide access to some of Microsoft's bundled programs. This utility was first brought into the older Windows 2000 operating system with its Service Pack 3. This Service Pack supported SATA and hard drives that were larger than 137GB (48-bit LBA support) by default. The Microsoft Java Virtual Machine, which was not in the RTM version, appeared in this Service Pack.[42] Support for IPv6 was also introduced in this Service Pack.
On February 3, 2003, Microsoft released Service Pack 1a (SP1a). This release removed Microsoft's Java virtual machine as a result of a lawsuit with Sun Microsystems.[43]
Service Pack 2 (SP2) (codenamed "Springboard") was released on August 25, 2004,[44] with an emphasis on security. Unlike the previous service pack, SP2 added new functionality to Windows XP, such as WPA encryption compatibility and improved Wi-Fi support (with a wizard utility), a pop-up ad blocker for Internet Explorer 6, and Bluetooth support. The new welcome screen during the kernel boot removes the subtitles "Professional", "Home Edition" and "Embedded" since Microsoft introduced new Windows XP editions prior to the release of SP2. The green loading bar in Home Edition and the yellow one in Embedded were replaced with the blue bar, seen in Professional and other versions of Windows XP, making the boot-screen of operating systems resemble each other. Colors in other areas, such as Control Panel and the Help and Support tool, remained as before.
It began being automatically pushed out to Automatic Update users on July 10, 2008.[54] A feature set overview which details new features available separately as standalone updates to Windows XP, as well as backported features from Windows Vista has been posted by Microsoft.[55] A total of 1,174 fixes have been included in SP3.[56] Service Pack 3 can be installed on systems with Internet Explorer versions 6, 7 or 8.[57] Internet Explorer 7 and 8 are not included as part of SP3.[58]
XP SP3 is a cumulative update of all previous service packs for XP, the service pack installer checks HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Windows\CSDVersion registry key to see if has a value greater than or equal to 0x100, if it does it will allow the update to proceed, otherwise it will prompt to install either XP SP1 or SP2. Since SP1 is no longer available for full download, it would need to be downloaded using Windows Update. The other option is to manually change the registry key, in essence fool the installer into thinking SP1 is already installed.[36]
However, it is possible to slipstream SP3 into the Windows XP setup files at any service pack level—including the original RTM version—without any errors or issues.[65] Slipstreaming SP3 into Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 is not supported.[66]
Service Pack 3 contains updates to the operating system components of Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE) and Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, and security updates for .NET Framework version 1.0, which is included in these Windows XP SKUs. However, it does not include update rollups for the Windows Media Center application in Windows XP MCE 2005.[67] SP3 also omits security updates for Windows Media Player 10, although the player is included in Windows XP MCE 2005.[67] The Address Bar DeskBand on the Taskbar is no longer included due to legal restrictions.[68] It also removed the Energy Star logo from the ScreenSaver tab of the Display properties, leaving a very noticeable blank space next to the link to enter the Power Management control panel.
Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 and Windows Me, and is the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was released for retail sale on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006, according to an estimate in that month by an IDC analyst.[4] It was succeeded by Windows Vista, which was released to volume license customers on November 8, 2006, and worldwide to the general public on January 30, 2007. Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell XP through their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled computers) program until January 31, 2009.[5][6] XP may continue to be available as these sources run through their inventory or by purchasing Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 7 Pro, Windows Vista Ultimate or Windows Vista Business, and then downgrading to Windows XP.[7][8]
The most common editions of the operating system are Windows XP Home Edition, which is targeted at home users, and Windows XP Professional, which offers additional features such as support for Windows Server domains and two physical processors, and is targeted at power users, business and enterprise clients. Windows XP Media Center Edition has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music. Windows XP Tablet PC Edition is designed to run stylus applications built using the Tablet PC platform.
Windows XP was eventually released for two additional architectures, Windows XP 64-bit Edition for IA-64 (Itanium) processors and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for x86-64. There is also Windows XP Embedded, a component version of the Windows XP Professional, and editions for specific markets such as Windows XP Starter Edition. By mid 2009, a manufacturer revealed the first Windows XP powered cellular telephone.[9]
The NT-based versions of Windows, which are programmed in C, C++, and assembly,[10] are known for their improved stability and efficiency over the 9x versions of Microsoft Windows.[11][12] Windows XP presents a significantly redesigned graphical user interface, a change Microsoft promoted as more user-friendly than previous versions of Windows. A new software management facility called Side-by-Side Assembly was introduced to ameliorate the "DLL hell" that plagues 9x versions of Windows.[13][14] It is also the first version of Windows to use product activation to combat illegal copying. Windows XP has also been criticized by some users for security vulnerabilities, tight integration of applications such as Internet Explorer 6 and Windows Media Player, and for aspects of its default user interface. Later versions with Service Pack 2, Service Pack 3, and Internet Explorer 8 addressed some of these concerns.
During development, the project was codenamed "Whistler", after Whistler, British Columbia, as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort.[15]
According to web analytics data generated by W3Schools, as of October 2010[update], Windows XP is the most widely used operating system for accessing the Internet in the world with a 48.9% market share, having peaked at 76.1% in January 2007.[16]
Editions
The two major editions are Windows XP Home Edition, designed for home users, and Windows XP Professional, designed for business and power-users. XP Professional contains advanced features that the average home user would not use. However, these features are not necessarily missing from XP Home. They are simply disabled, but are there and can become functional. These releases were made available at retail outlets that sell computer software, and were preinstalled on computers sold by major computer manufacturers. As of mid-2008, both editions continue to be sold. A third edition, called Windows XP Media Center Edition was introduced in 2002 and was updated every year until 2006 to incorporate new digital media, broadcast television and Media Center Extender capabilities. Unlike the Home and Professional edition, it was never made available for retail purchase, and was typically either sold through OEM channels, or was preinstalled on computers that were typically marketed as "media center PCs".Two different 64-bit editions were made available, one designed specifically for Itanium-based workstations, which was introduced in 2001 around the same time as the Home and Professional editions, but was discontinued a few years later when vendors of Itanium hardware stopped selling workstation-class machines due to low sales. The other, called Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, supports the x86-64 extension of the Intel IA-32 architecture. x86-64 is implemented by AMD as "AMD64", found in AMD's Opteron and Athlon 64 chips, and implemented by Intel as "Intel 64" (formerly known as IA-32e and EM64T), found in Intel's Pentium 4 and later chips.
[edit] Editions for specific markets
Windows XP Starter Edition is a lower-cost edition of Windows XP available in Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Russia, India, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Ecuador, Uruguay and Venezuela. It is similar to Windows XP Home, but is limited to low-end hardware, can only run 3 programs at a time, and has some other features either removed or disabled by default. Each country's edition is also customized for that country, including desktop backgrounds of popular locations, localized help features for those who may not speak English, and other default settings designed for easier use than typical Windows XP installations. The Malaysian version, for example, contains a desktop background of the Kuala Lumpur skyline.[17]In March 2004, the European Commission fined Microsoft €497 million (US$603 million) and ordered the company to provide a version of Windows without Windows Media Player. The Commission concluded that Microsoft "broke European Union competition law by leveraging its near monopoly in the market for PC operating systems onto the markets for work group server operating systems and for media players". After unsuccessful appeals in 2004 and 2005, Microsoft reached an agreement with the Commission where it would release a court-compliant version, Windows XP Edition N. This version does not include the company's Windows Media Player but instead encourages users to pick and download their own media player. Microsoft wanted to call this version Reduced Media Edition, but EU regulators objected and suggested the Edition N name, with the N signifying "not with Media Player" for both Home and Professional editions of Windows XP. Because it is sold at the same price as the version with Windows Media Player included, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Lenovo and Fujitsu Siemens have chosen not to stock the product. However, Dell did offer the operating system for a short time. Consumer interest has been low, with roughly 1,500 units shipped to OEMs, and no reported sales to consumers.[18][19][20][21]
In December 2005, the Korean Fair Trade Commission ordered Microsoft to make available editions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 that do not contain Windows Media Player or Windows Messenger.[22] Like the European Commission decision, this decision was based on the grounds that Microsoft had abused its dominant position in the market to push other products onto consumers. Unlike that decision, however, Microsoft was also forced to withdraw the non-compliant versions of Windows from the South Korean market. This decision resulted in Microsoft's releasing "K" and "KN" variants of the Home and Professional editions in August 2006.
That same year, Microsoft also released two additional editions of Windows XP Home Edition directed towards subscription-based and pay-as-you-go pricing models. These editions, released as part of Microsoft's FlexGo initiative, are used in conjunction with a hardware component to enforce time limitations on the usage of Windows. Its target market is emerging economies such as Brazil and Vietnam.[23]
[edit] Languages
Windows XP is available in many languages.[24] In addition, MUI packs and Language Interface Packs translating the user interface are also available for certain languages.[25][26][edit] ATMs and Vendors
Automated teller machine (ATM) vendors Wincor Nixdorf, NCR Corporation and Diebold Incorporated have all adopted Microsoft Windows XP as their migration path from OS/2. Wincor Nixdorf, who has been pushing for standardization for many years, began shipping ATMs with Windows when they first arrived on the scene.Diebold initially shipped XP Home Edition exclusively, but, following extensive pressure from customer banks to support a common operating system, switched to support XP Professional to match their primary competitor, NCR Corporation and Wincor Nixdorf.
Redbox DVD Vending machines run a modified version of XP designed for the fullscreen User Interface of the Vending Touchscreen and the DVD vending itself.[citation needed]
User interface
Windows XP features a new task-based graphical user interface. The Start menu and Windows indexing service were redesigned and many visual effects were added, including:
- A translucent blue selection rectangle in Explorer
- Drop shadows for icon labels on the desktop
- Task-based sidebars in Explorer windows ("common tasks")
- The ability to group the taskbar buttons of the windows of one application into one button
- The ability to lock the taskbar and other toolbars to prevent accidental changes
- The highlighting of recently added programs on the Start menu
- Shadows under menus (Windows 2000 had shadows under mouse pointers, but not menus)
In addition to the included Windows XP themes, there is one previously unreleased theme with a dark blue taskbar and window bars similar to Windows Vista titled "Royale Noir" available for download, albeit unofficially.[30] Microsoft officially released a modified version of this theme as the "Zune" theme, to celebrate the launch of its Zune portable media player in November 2006. The differences are only visual with a new glassy look along with a black taskbar instead of dark blue and an orange start button instead of green.[31] Additionally, the Media Center "Energy Blue" theme, which was included in the Media Center editions, is also available to download for use on all Windows XP editions.[32]
The default wallpaper, Bliss, is a BMP photograph of a landscape in the Napa Valley outside Napa, California,[33] with rolling green hills and a blue sky with stratocumulus and cirrus clouds.
The Windows 2000 "classic" interface can be used instead if preferred. Several third party utilities exist that provide hundreds of different visual styles.
Service packs
Microsoft occasionally releases service packs for its Windows operating systems to fix problems and add features. Each service pack is a superset of all previous service packs and patches so that only the latest service pack needs to be installed, and also includes new revisions.[41] However if you still have the earliest version of Windows XP on Retail CD (without any service packs included), you will need to install SP1a or SP2, before SP3 can be installed. Older service packs need not be manually removed before application of the most recent one. Windows Update "normally" takes care of automatically removing unnecessary files.The service pack details below only apply to the 32-bit editions. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition was based on Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and claimed to be "SP1" in system properties from the initial release. It is updated by the same service packs and hotfixes as the x64 edition of Windows Server 2003.
Service Pack 1 (SP1) for Windows XP was released on September 9, 2002. It contains post-RTM security fixes and hot-fixes, compatibility updates, optional .NET Framework support, enabling technologies for new devices such as Tablet PCs, and a new Windows Messenger 4.7 version. The most notable new features were USB 2.0 support and a Set Program Access and Defaults utility that aimed at hiding various middleware products. Users can control the default application for activities such as web browsing and instant messaging, as well as hide access to some of Microsoft's bundled programs. This utility was first brought into the older Windows 2000 operating system with its Service Pack 3. This Service Pack supported SATA and hard drives that were larger than 137GB (48-bit LBA support) by default. The Microsoft Java Virtual Machine, which was not in the RTM version, appeared in this Service Pack.[42] Support for IPv6 was also introduced in this Service Pack.
On February 3, 2003, Microsoft released Service Pack 1a (SP1a). This release removed Microsoft's Java virtual machine as a result of a lawsuit with Sun Microsystems.[43]
Service Pack 2 (SP2) (codenamed "Springboard") was released on August 25, 2004,[44] with an emphasis on security. Unlike the previous service pack, SP2 added new functionality to Windows XP, such as WPA encryption compatibility and improved Wi-Fi support (with a wizard utility), a pop-up ad blocker for Internet Explorer 6, and Bluetooth support. The new welcome screen during the kernel boot removes the subtitles "Professional", "Home Edition" and "Embedded" since Microsoft introduced new Windows XP editions prior to the release of SP2. The green loading bar in Home Edition and the yellow one in Embedded were replaced with the blue bar, seen in Professional and other versions of Windows XP, making the boot-screen of operating systems resemble each other. Colors in other areas, such as Control Panel and the Help and Support tool, remained as before.
Service Pack 3
Windows XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) was released to manufacturing on April 21, 2008, and to the public via both the Microsoft Download Center and Windows Update on May 6, 2008.[50][51][52][53]It began being automatically pushed out to Automatic Update users on July 10, 2008.[54] A feature set overview which details new features available separately as standalone updates to Windows XP, as well as backported features from Windows Vista has been posted by Microsoft.[55] A total of 1,174 fixes have been included in SP3.[56] Service Pack 3 can be installed on systems with Internet Explorer versions 6, 7 or 8.[57] Internet Explorer 7 and 8 are not included as part of SP3.[58]
[edit] New features in Service Pack 3
- Turns black hole router detection on by default[59]
- Network Access Protection client
- Group Policy support for IEEE 802.1X authentication for wired network adapters.[60]
- Credentials Security Service Provider[61]
- Descriptive Security options in Group Policy/Local Security Policy user interface
- An updated version of the Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider Module (RSAENH) that is FIPS 140-2 certified (SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512 algorithms)[59]
- Installing without requiring a product key during setup for retail and OEM versions
[edit] Previously released updates
Service Pack 3 also incorporated several previously released key updates for Windows XP, which were not included up to SP2 including:- Windows Imaging Component[62]
- IPSec Simple Policy Update for simplified creation and maintenance of IPSec filters[63]
- Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) 2.5
- MSXML 6.0 SP2 and XMLLite
- Microsoft Management Console 3.0
- Credential Roaming service (Digital Identity Management Service) update
- Remote Desktop Protocol 6.1
- Peer Name Resolution Protocol 2.1
- Network Diagnostics update
- WPA2 Update (KB893357)
- Windows Script 5.7
- Windows Installer 3.1 v2
XP SP3 is a cumulative update of all previous service packs for XP, the service pack installer checks HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Windows\CSDVersion registry key to see if has a value greater than or equal to 0x100, if it does it will allow the update to proceed, otherwise it will prompt to install either XP SP1 or SP2. Since SP1 is no longer available for full download, it would need to be downloaded using Windows Update. The other option is to manually change the registry key, in essence fool the installer into thinking SP1 is already installed.[36]
However, it is possible to slipstream SP3 into the Windows XP setup files at any service pack level—including the original RTM version—without any errors or issues.[65] Slipstreaming SP3 into Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 is not supported.[66]
Service Pack 3 contains updates to the operating system components of Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE) and Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, and security updates for .NET Framework version 1.0, which is included in these Windows XP SKUs. However, it does not include update rollups for the Windows Media Center application in Windows XP MCE 2005.[67] SP3 also omits security updates for Windows Media Player 10, although the player is included in Windows XP MCE 2005.[67] The Address Bar DeskBand on the Taskbar is no longer included due to legal restrictions.[68] It also removed the Energy Star logo from the ScreenSaver tab of the Display properties, leaving a very noticeable blank space next to the link to enter the Power Management control panel.
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